Postponing action on climate change will make the problem more expensive to manage later — if it still can be managed at all. That’s the message of a new White House report about fighting global warming, released Tuesday.
Postponing action on climate change will make the problem more expensive to manage later — if it still can be managed at all. That’s the message of a new White House report about fighting global warming, released Tuesday.
The message is true enough. However, this is an exercise in persuasion, and the supposedly hard numbers highlighted in the report aren’t the best way to make the case. The document’s most powerful argument doesn’t lend itself to number-crunching.
Dealing with climate change is a matter of managing risk. As the report says, it’s a question of insurance, which every voter understands. You insure your house against fire not because you are certain it will burn down but to guard against the risk that it might. Yes, climate change involves various costs known with reasonable confidence — but it also creates big risks. It’s only rational to insure against them.
The frightening thing isn’t that gradually rising temperatures will cause gradually rising costs. It’s that climate change could take us by surprise. The report lists many possible “abrupt impacts.” For instance, the sea level might rise higher and faster than expected if rising temperatures destabilize the West Antarctic ice sheets; melting permafrost could cause a sudden release of greenhouse gases, causing global warming to accelerate; fragile ecosystems might be irreversibly disrupted by subtle climate triggers, threatening food and water supplies.
None of these things is bound to happen, and these known unknowns, let’s call them, can’t easily be quantified. But only a fool would ignore them for that reason. If, at modest cost, these risks can be reduced, it would be stupid to do anything else.
Effective measures to reduce the risks by slowing and then reversing the growth of global greenhouse-gas emissions needn’t be costly. Some, such as the proposed new rules on emissions from U.S. power plants, produce substantial net benefits regardless of climate change. (Cutting emissions of particulates produces health benefits greater than the compliance costs.) Done right, carbon abatement is cheap insurance against catastrophic risk — too good a bargain to pass up.
The new report explains this logic well enough. The trouble is this way of thinking isn’t amenable to simple numerical proofs. To meet this perceived need, the report also piles on the figures: Delaying mitigation by a decade would increase total costs by approximately 40 percent. If delay caused temperatures to rise by 3 degrees Celsius instead of by 2 degrees, that would increase the global damage by almost 0.9 percent of world output. The next degree of temperature rise would add 1.2 percent of global output to the cost. And so on.
It’s right to weigh these costs as best one can. And the report is honest, on the whole, about the many debatable assumptions that lie behind such estimates. Measuring the costs of climate change necessarily involves heroic guesswork. Measuring the costs of a delayed response is just as hard. (Who knows how quickly new technologies will reduce the cost of carbon abatement? Conceivably, if those costs were to fall very rapidly, delay might make economic sense.) The result, unfortunately, is that people inclined to dismiss the case for action will have no trouble ignoring the numbers.
The most effective argument for action on climate change isn’t that we know for sure what will happen; it’s that we don’t. The only smart strategy is to insure against it.
— Bloomberg View