Volcano Watch: The blast of the century at Kilauea

Kilauea began erupting explosively 100 years ago this week, for the first time in nearly a century. The eruption lasted for about 17 days, killing one person and injuring others.

The eruption took place from Halema‘uma‘u at the summit of Kilauea but was foreshadowed by a seismic crisis and intrusion of magma in lower Puna, 30 miles (50 km) away. In February 1924, the lava lake in Halema‘uma‘u began to drain back underground. In mid-April, lower Puna was shaking almost constantly, and the ground was cracking open as lava from the emptying lake traveled underground into the lower East Rift Zone. The crisis died by April 28 before lava could erupt, and agricultural field hands that had been evacuated resumed their work.

At Kilauea’s summit, the floor of Halema‘uma‘u began dropping on or before April 29 and was lower by 328 ft (100 m) on May 7, the last measurement date. Rock falls from the crater wall generated thick dust clouds. Red-hot “‘a‘a paste” left over from the drained lava lake peeled away from the wall, but observers noted no wholesale collapse.

The first explosion was unobserved during the night of May 10–11 and ejected blocks weighing more than 330 pounds (150 kg) as far as 200 ft (60 m) from the crater. After relative calm on May 11–12, the eruption took off in earnest on May 13. Thereafter, more than 50 distinct explosions occurred until May 27, when the eruption ended.

Thousands of rocks were tossed high in the air, littering the caldera floor. Intense electrical storms accompanied some of the explosions, and lightning took out powerlines far down the road to Hilo. Earthquakes shook the ground, and mud rains with pellets the size of peas (called accretionary lapilli) pummeled the summit. Blocks weighing several tons landed more than half a mile (1 km) from the crater; one 8-ton block that landed about a mile (2 km) southeast of the crater became a signed visitor site for many years, even surviving the caldera collapse of 2018.

The explosive crescendo was on Sunday, May 18, when the two largest explosions occurred. A number of observers were on the caldera floor during the first, and one, Truman Taylor, was fatally injured by a falling rock. By remarkable coincidence, 56 years later the devastating eruption of Mount Saint Helens occurred on Sunday, May 18, 1980, and both eruptions killed a man named Truman. Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction.

Most of the ash from the explosions was blown southwestward by the trade wind, but some, perhaps supplied by higher eruption columns that overtopped the trade wind regime, fell from South Hilo to lower Puna. Railroad travel in Maku‘u was disrupted when the tracks became slippery from wet ash. Rain washed ash from the roof of the Glenwood store, tearing off the gutters. Overall, though, the production of ash was modest, and, after only 20 years, it was hard to find ash deposits outside the caldera, as wind and water swept them away.

During the eruption, Halema‘uma‘u doubled its diameter to about half a mile (1 km), and its floor dropped more than 1,640 ft (500 m).

What powered the explosions? For years the interpretation was that they resulted from steam explosions generated as groundwater encountered hot rock. This interpretation, suggested at the time, served well until the 2018 collapse of Halema‘uma‘u and the adjacent caldera produced nothing comparable to the 1924 explosions.

Theoretical modeling indicates that months to years are required for the conduit wall to cool enough for groundwater to return after draining of a lava lake. Is there any way to overcome this theoretical requirement? What role did magmatic gas — dissolved in magma and released explosively by sudden drop in pressure — play in 1924 or in 2018? Ongoing work by USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) researchers on the 1924 ash is providing new information bearing on these questions. Next week’s “Volcano Watch” article will describe this research.

Finally, a sad, deeply personal, note. Thomas Jaggar, esteemed head of HVO, was in New York when the eruption started, not returning home to Hawaii until May 28. In a private letter written 23 years later, he lamented “… 1924 was my responsibility, and my absence was a pity, the most fatal disappointment of my life.”

On Tuesday, May 14 at 7 p.m., join Don Swanson, HVO geologist emeritus, and Ben Gaddis, HVO volunteer, as they describe the 1924 explosive eruption of Kilauea in an After Dark in the Park presentation at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Park entrance fees apply. See here for more information: https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/news/20240329_may-2024-events.htm. This program will be repeated on May 20 and 21 at Lyman Museum in Hilo. See here for more information: https://lymanmuseum.org/events/.

Volcano activity updates

Kilauea is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level is ADVISORY. Unrest that began on April 27 continues beneath the upper East Rift Zone and the summit caldera south of Halema‘uma‘u. Up to 280 events, most magnitude-2 and smaller, have been detected per day over the past week between the south part of Kilauea caldera and the intersection with Hilina Pali Road; depths remain concentrated between 2-4 km (1.2-3.1 miles) beneath the surface. Tiltmeters near Sand Hill and Uekahuna bluff continued to record inflationary trends. Kilauea’s summit region is pressurized, and changes could occur quickly moving forward. See the Information Statement published on May 2 for background information: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hans-public/notice/DOI-USGS-HVO-2024-05-03T07:42:02+00:00.

Mauna Loa is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert Level is at NORMAL.

Webcams show no signs of activity on Mauna Loa. Summit seismicity has remained at low levels over the past month. Ground deformation indicates continuing slow inflation as magma replenishes the reservoir system following the 2022 eruption. SO2 emission rates are at background levels.

Six earthquakes were reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M3.3 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (1 mi) depth on May 7 at 9:26 a.m. HST, a M1.9 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) SSW of Honoka‘a at 6 km (3 mi) depth on May 6 at 9:11 p.m. HST, a M2.5 earthquake 5 km (3 mi) SSW of Volcano at 1 km (1 mi) depth on May 2 at 4:16 p.m. HST, a M3.1 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (0 mi) depth on May 2 at 4:07 p.m. HST, a M3.0 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 0 km (0 mi) depth on May 2 at 3:56 p.m. HST, and a M2.9 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (0 mi) depth on May 2 at 3:48 p.m. HST.

HVO continues to closely monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa.

Please visit HVO’s website for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.