Hawaii Island’s 2017 Volcano Awareness Month is almost pau, and our Volcano Watch series about U.S. Geological Survey volcano observatories and their connections to Hawaii also is coming to an end. This week, we visit the observatory that monitors a volcano that produced some of the largest eruptions known on Earth — Yellowstone.
Unlike the other four USGS volcano observatories — Hawaiian, Cascades, Alaska and California — the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory is a “virtual” observatory, meaning there is no physical building. The observatory presence is mostly online, and the only full-time staff member is the YVO scientist-in-charge, who draws on scientists at other USGS observatories and from other institutions to support monitoring and research activities.
YVO was founded in 2001 to strengthen the monitoring of volcanic and earthquake activity in the Yellowstone National Park region (https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/).
Initially developed as a cooperative effort of the USGS, National Park Service and University of Utah, YVO was expanded in 2013 into a consortium of eight organizations: the original three partners, plus universities and state geological surveys in Montana, Wyoming and Idaho, and UNAVCO (a nonprofit university-governed consortium specializing in the study of ground deformation). This collaborative approach to volcano observation ensures better study and monitoring of active geologic processes and hazards.
The YVO consortium shares the burden of establishing and maintaining equipment in the Yellowstone region. For example, the University of Utah operates the Yellowstone seismic network, UNAVCO works with GPS and other deformation data and the USGS uses temperature and steam gauges to track changes in hydrothermal activity throughout the national park.
As with Hawaiian volcanoes, GPS and satellite radar data indicate deformation of the Yellowstone caldera, and ground-based seismic stations monitor the occurrence of thousands of earthquakes in any given year. During the past several decades, the caldera has been observed to rise and fall by several centimeters (inches) per year, often accompanied by intense seismicity.
A recent spectacular period of deformation occurred in 2013-14, when the Norris Geyser Basin area of Yellowstone, on the northwest edge of the caldera, began to uplift suddenly by several centimeters (inches) per year. The uplift lasted until March 30, 2014, when a magnitude-4.8 earthquake occurred — the largest earthquake in the region since 1980.
Immediately thereafter, the region began subsiding. Scientists think the uplift was caused by fluid accumulation — probably water or gas — beneath the Norris area. The earthquake represented the breaking of a seal or valve on the hydrothermal system, which allowed the accumulated fluid to drain away and the ground to subside.
It’s worth noting the same region began uplifting again in early 2016, although the rate was slightly less than that in 2014. In the past few months, the rate of uplift slowed considerably. No strong earthquakes occurred in the region thus far.
Although Yellowstone is clearly the focus of YVO’s monitoring and research efforts, the observatory also is responsible for tracking volcanic activity in the Intermountain West, including Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. Each of these states is home to volcanoes that erupted within the past few thousand years. For example, Arizona’s Sunset Crater erupted in 1085 A.D. and the McCartys lava flow in New Mexico’s Zuni-Bandera Volcanic Field erupted about 3,000 years ago.
Comparatively, little is known about some of the southwestern U.S. volcanoes, and monitoring infrastructure is limited, so YVO supports efforts to better understand this volcanism and its potential hazards. Current and former HVO scientists have been active in interpreting the geologic history of the region, including the basaltic lava flows of New Mexico and the cinder cones of Arizona and Colorado — volcanic areas that bear a striking resemblance to Hawaiian volcanoes.
This marks the end of our series about USGS volcano observatories. But a few more Volcano Awareness Month programs are being offered: Monday and Thursday at Hilo’s Lyman Museum and Wednesday in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Details are on HVO’s website (https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov).
For information about volcanic activity throughout the United States, visit the USGS Volcano Hazards Program website (https://volcanoes.usgs.gov).
Volcano activity updates
Kilauea continues to erupt at its summit and East Rift Zone. This past week, the summit lava lake level varied between about 12 and 22 m (39 and 72 ft) below the vent rim. The 61g flow was still active, with lava entering the ocean near Kamokuna and surface breakouts near Pu‘u ‘O‘o. The 61g flows do not pose an immediate threat to nearby communities.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. During the past week, small-magnitude earthquakes continued, primarily beneath the upper Southwest Rift Zone at depths less than 5 km (3 mi). A small number of earthquakes also occurred on the west flank of the volcano at depths above 13 km (8 mi). GPS measurements continue to show deformation related to inflation of a magma reservoir beneath the summit and upper Southwest Rift Zone.
One earthquake was reported felt on the Big Island in the past week. At 9:13 a.m. Jan. 23, a magnitude-3.2 earthquake occurred 12.8 km (8 mi) southeast of Ho‘okena at a depth of 12.7 km (7.9 mi).
Visit the HVO website (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov) for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea daily eruption updates, Mauna Loa weekly updates, volcano photos, recent earthquakes info, and more; call for summary updates at 808-967-8862 (Kilauea) or 808-967-8866 (Mauna Loa); email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.
Volcano Watch (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/) is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and colleagues.
